![]() ![]() Another study concluded that road fragmentation of formerly contiguous forest in eastern North America is the primary cause for the decline of forest bird species and has also significantly harmed small mammals, insects, and reptiles in the United States. One study found that roads contribute more to fragmentation in forest habitats than clear cuts. The relationship between roads and habitat fragmentation is well documented. These small populations are particularly vulnerable to extinction due to demographic, genetic, and environmental stochasticity because they do not contain enough alleles to adapt to new selective pressures such as changes in temperature, habitat, and food availability. As mentioned above, populations surrounded by roads are less likely to receive immigrants from other habitats and as a result, they suffer from a lack of genetic diversity. In addition to the first three factors, numerous studies have shown that the construction and use of roads is a direct source of habitat fragmentation. Finally, species that are unable to migrate across roads to reach resources such as food, shelter and mates will experience reduced reproductive and survival rates, which can compromise population viability. ![]() In addition, habitat loss can be direct, if habitat is destroyed to make room for a road, or indirect, if habitat quality close to roads is compromised due to emissions from the roads (e.g. Road mortality has significantly affected a number of prominent species in the United States, including white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus), Florida panthers ( Puma concolor coryi), and black bears ( Ursus americanus). For instance, found that road kills do not pose a significant threat to healthy populations but can be devastating to small, shrinking, or threatened populations. The first three effects (loss of habitat, road kill, and isolation from resources) exert pressure on various animal populations by reducing available resources and directly killing individuals in a population. Habitat fragmentation can lead to extinction or extirpation if a population's gene pool is restricted enough. For many years ecologists and conservationists have documented the adverse relationship between roads and wildlife identify four ways that roads and traffic detrimentally affect wildlife populations: (1) they decrease habitat amount and quality, (2) they increase mortality due to wildlife-vehicle collisions (road kill), (3) they prevent access to resources on the other side of the road, and (4) they subdivide wildlife populations into smaller and more vulnerable sub-populations (fragmentation). Scientists estimate that the system of roads in the United States affects the ecology of at least one-fifth of the land area of the country. Of these, roads have the most widespread and detrimental effects. Habitat fragmentation occurs when human-made barriers such as roads, railroads, canals, electric power lines, and pipelines penetrate and divide wildlife habitat. Roads and habitat fragmentation Camel crossing in Kuwait Similar structures can be used for domesticated animals, such as cattle creeps. They also assist in avoiding collisions between vehicles and animals, which in addition to killing or injuring wildlife may cause injury to humans and property damage. Wildlife crossings are a practice in habitat conservation, allowing connections or reconnections between habitats, combating habitat fragmentation. Wildlife crossings may include underpass tunnels or wildlife tunnels, viaducts, and overpasses or green bridges (mainly for large or herd-type animals) amphibian tunnels fish ladders canopy bridges (especially for monkeys and squirrels) tunnels and culverts (for small mammals such as otters, hedgehogs, and badgers) and green roofs (for butterflies and birds). Wildlife crossings are structures that allow animals to cross human-made barriers safely. Drone video of Kolu wildlife overpass in Estonia (September 2021) There are channeling fences on either side of the crossing. ![]() Florida State Route 46 was elevated over this underpass. Structures enabling wildlife to safely cross human-made barriers Wildlife crossing, Highway 1 ( Israel). ![]()
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